On the fifth day of Jimmy...

... his writings gave to me, faith in Jesus Christ.

4. Christology in the Making (1980)

3. Unity and Diversity in the New Testament (1977)

2. Baptism in the Holy Spirit (1970)
and The Evidence for Jesus (1985)

1. In November 1991 I attended my second Society of Biblical Literature meeting. It was in Kansas City. I was just finishing up my first semester as a Teaching Fellow at Asbury Seminary, teaching beginning Greek. I was loving it. One of the best years of my life.

It was Tuesday morning, the last set of seminars. Tuesday morning is for the really hard core. Often a lot of people have already left. The book room starts shutting down. I checked out of my hotel room and took my luggage to one last session before I had to catch a flight to Florida for Thanksgiving.

It was one of those moments in biblical studies history that you don't know is about to happen. It was Jimmy Dunn and Richard Hays, squaring off on one of the big debate points of New Testament scholarship. What did Paul mean by the phrase, pistis Iesou Christou in Galatians 2:16 and Romans 3:22? The "faith of Jesus Christ." Is it "faith in Jesus Christ" or the "faithfulness of Jesus Christ"?

Here is the Common English Bible's rendering of Galatians 2:16: "However, we know that a person isn’t made righteous by the works of the Law but rather through the faithfulness of Jesus Christ. We ourselves believed in Christ Jesus so that we could be made righteous by the faithfulness of Christ and not by the works of the Law—because no one will be made righteous by the works of the Law."

2. I have skipped two of Dunn's publications to get to that moment in 1990. The first was actually quite significant. In 1988 Dunn's two volume Romans commentary came out in the Word Biblical Series. It is an excellent commentary, surely in the top two or three Romans commentaries.

I have wondered if he wrote it just a little too soon. Probably wouldn't have made a big difference. But he started writing it just as the "new perspective on Paul" was on the rise. He incorporated some of the insights from that emerging discussion in the commentary. Might he have changed his mind on a couple other issues if there had been more gestation time? Again, probably not.

For example, perhaps the greatest failing of his commentary, I would say, is the fact that he largely follows the traditional interpretation of Romans 7. The old perspective was that Paul did not believe a Christian could successfully live without sinning. Most scholars now recognize that Paul was not speaking of his current struggle with Sin in Romans 7. He was dramatizing the plight of someone who might want to keep the Law but did not have the Holy Spirit.

Incidentally, Dunn came to speak at Asbury during my last year in town, early 1993. Joe Dongell recounts teasing him at a dinner about his position on Romans 7. In his wry way he asked, "So, is there any exegetical decision you might regret in your Romans commentary, maybe Romans 7." Dunn responded that he felt quite comfortable with his interpretation.

Another matter on which Dunn never changed with time is the "faith of Jesus Christ" debate. It took me a long time myself to figure out what I think on that question. I think that Dunn was more or less correct on the majority of Paul's references to faith. That is to say, most of the time Paul had human faith in view rather than the faith of Jesus.

However, I think Hays was right on the key passages of Galatians 2:16 and Romans 3:22. I think Paul begins these conversations with the faithfulness of Jesus unto death in view, but then that he shifts to speak of human faith. I also agree with Hays that faith in Romans 4 is primarily theo-centric (God the Father centric) rather than Christo-centric. This perspective actually fits better, in my opinion, with Dunn's Christology. I had an article published in CBQ giving my conclusions, suggesting that Paul argued "from Hays to Dunn."

In the Kansas City debate, later published in the fourth volume of the Pauline Theology Group, Dunn took the "objective genitive" position. This is the position that the expression "of Jesus Christ" is the object of faith--faith in Jesus Christ. Hays took the "subjective genitive" position. This view sees Jesus as the one having the faith--the faith of Jesus Christ, primarily his faithfulness to death.

3. 1990 also saw the publication of a collection of Dunn's articles and papers: Jesus, Paul, and the Law. This is a collection of fine essays. The only reason I am not featuring it as one of the twelve is because some of these essays also made their way into a later volume that I will mention soon enough.

This collection is a reminder that Dunn wrote on more than just Paul in this period. For example, Mark and Jesus feature in the first three chapters. Here we also see the beginnings of the new perspective on Paul, about which there is more to come. His seminal essay from 1982 is in this book, "The New Perspective on Paul."

I also want to mention in particular the chapter called, "The Incident at Antioch." This 1980 article stands at the heart of my understanding of Galatians 2 and Acts 15. I don't know what my students think about it, but I usually somewhat dramatize this event in class (the more caffeine, the better it is). My dramatization has a lot of Dunn in it. I don't have a tight video of it, but you can get my gist from this video.

Ehrman Chapter 7: Jesus as God on Earth

Just three more posts after this for Bart Ehrman's, How Jesus Became God. So far:

Introduction
1. Divine Humans in Ancient Greece and Rome
2. Divine Humans in Ancient Judaism
3. Did Jesus Think He Was God?
4. The Resurrection of Jesus: What We Cannot Know
5. The Resurrection - What We Can Know
6. The Beginning of Christology

Now chapter 7: "Jesus as God on Earth: Early Incarnation Christologies"

This chapter, in my opinion, is a bit of a muddle. In the previous chapter, he presented the evolution of Christology as 1) Jesus is adopted at resurrection, 2) Jesus is adopted at baptism, 3) Jesus is God's biological son from his birth, and lastly 4) Jesus was divine before he was born.

The key for me is to stop thinking of this particular Sonship language in terms of "ontology" but rather as royal language. So the early strata did speak of Jesus becoming king/being enthroned at the point of his resurrection/exaltation. Sonship language before this point can speak of destiny, because he is the one always appointed by God to be enthroned as king, whether at his birth or baptism. In any case, it need not contradict the language of enthronement at his resurrection.

In this chapter, however, Ehrman's scheme seems to shift a little:

• early exaltation Christology (which would fit the first two above)
• intermediate/transitional Christology (elements of both exaltation and incarnation Christology)
• angelic Christology (which he sees in Paul, number 4 above)
• equal to God from the beginning (John)

1. The biggest thing you should know about this chapter is that few scholars think Paul saw Jesus as an angel. It is an old idea that is a bit of an outlier and one I have always considered a fringe idea.

What makes it most iffy is the fact that it is largely based off of a highly questionable interpretation of one verse. It reminds me of my favorite interpretation of a verse in Hebrews (I won't say which one ;-) on which I base some thoughts that probably make me an outlier. I know the feeling I get when I am in that interpretive territory. It's a feeling of being out on a limb.

So Ehrman is out on a limb with his interpretation of Galatians 4:14: "as an angel of God you received me, as Christ Jesus." Ehrman says that Paul "is not contrasting two things; he is stating that the two things are the same thing" (253). Well of course Paul is not contrasting two things. But he is not necessarily making an exact equation between two things either. That just doesn't follow. The implication is only that angels and Christ are similar in some respect, not the same.

For example, what if I say. "He laughs like a seal, like one of those pumps you sometimes hear on a plane right before it leaves the gate."  You wouldn't say, "Ken, are you saying they keep seals in the belly of airplanes?!!"  I would give you a rather strange look if you drew that conclusion. In the same way, it's quite flimsy to conclude that Paul is here saying that Christ is an angel.

It would be different if Paul regularly considered Jesus to be an angel elsewhere, but this verse is really it. Since a significant portion of this book is connected to this idea, it calls much of the book into question, in my opinion.

2. In his blog review, Hurtado applauded Ehrman for this reason: "Ehrman acknowledges that prior to immersing himself in the evidence and scholarly analysis for this book, he had assumed a much slower and more drawn-out process, but was driven to conclude that these remarkable Christological beliefs erupted much earlier and much more fully than he had thought."

Here is another quote from Hurtado: "With probably the majority of NT scholars, Ehrman emphasizes that the exalted claims about Jesus reflected in the NT (e.g., that Jesus shares divine glory, divine rule, the divine name, and is to be given universal reverence) all appeared soon in the aftermath of Jesus’ execution."

The problem is that Ehrman has changed his mind on this subject because he now thinks that Paul equated Jesus with the angel of the Lord.

Did Paul have an incarnation Christology? This is a slightly different question from how early the first Christians worshiped Jesus. Ehrman says "yes" because he thinks Paul saw Jesus as the incarnation of the angel of the Lord. Perhaps the majority of NT scholars would agree that Paul saw Jesus as pre-existing his time on earth, although disagreeing with him on the latter bit. Ehrman mentions one of the most notable remaining exceptions from the older generation, James Dunn.

I have no desire to be known for bucking the consensus on this one. I agree that the earliest Christians worshiped Jesus very early on as Hurtado says. But as a scholar I feel like I should point out how thin the evidence is that Paul's writings have much to say about Jesus' pre-existence. Without drawing a conclusion on the Philippian poem, let me do my scholarly job of pointing out some things.

3. First, the argument that Paul affirmed the pre-existence of Jesus really boils down to the Philippian hymn (if it be a hymn--Ehrman and Cosgrove may be right to think of it more as a poem). All the other references to pre-existence in Paul are quite iffy. It is only because pre-existence seems so clear in Philippians that the other passages are read to imply pre-existence.

a. For example, are we really to take 1 Corinthians 10:4 as literally saying that Jesus was the rock that followed Israel in the wilderness to give them water??? Picture it, Christ rolling around the desert. (This may be his fundamentalist, anti-allegorical past coming home to roost). No, this is just an allegory. The rock that gave water to Israel allegorically represents Christ.

b. Similarly, when 1 Corinthians 15:47 says that the "second man is from heaven," it is talking about Christ's resurrection body. Flesh and blood cannot inherit the kingdom, Paul says (1 Cor. 15:50). So when we bear the image of the heavenly man (15:49), we are being transformed into a resurrection body like Jesus has. Paul is making no comment about Christ's pre-existent body here but about the transformed body of his resurrection.

c. The point of Romans 8:3 is not about God sending Christ in the likeness of human flesh (which sounds Gnostic) but in the likeness of sinful flesh. Christ came in the flesh, yes. But he did not come in sinful flesh. I hate to say it, but the whole idea that if someone is sent, they must have existed before they were sent has my "iffy" tinglers going off (sorry Simon). Language of sending only implies pre-ordination, not pre-existence.

d. In the end, there are only three passages in Paul that have any weight when it comes to the question of whether we find statements about Christ's pre-existence in Paul's writings. The first is 1 Corinthians 8:6: "For us there is one God, the Father, from whom all things and we for him, and one Lord, Jesus Christ, through whom all things and we through him."

This is a very allusive statement. I think the statement about Christ probably does evoke images of God's word and wisdom, through which God made all things. However, as I mentioned in my review of an earlier chapter, the vast majority of references to God's wisdom and word in Jewish literature are personifications, not references to hypostases. Only a few of Philo's references to the logos count as exceptions, in my opinion.

In itself, this possibly pre-Pauline credal tradition is insufficient to clarify Paul's sense of pre-existence. Is Paul and the tradition he quotes speaking literally or comparing Jesus to the wisdom of God and the purpose of creation? We have insufficient evidence from this verse alone.

e. The same could be said of the Colossian poem/hymn in 1:15-20. Leaving aside debates over Pauline authorship, the parallel with Jewish wisdom and word traditions is compelling. So we again have the question. Is Colossians making a profound comparison between Christ and God's wisdom/logos, or is the hymn being more or less literal? The conclusion you draw, I believe, will ultimately be based on your sense of Paul and early Christianity elsewhere, rather than on the basis of this passage alone.

4. So we return to Philippians. As the interpretation of Philippians 2:6 goes, so goes our conclusion on Paul's sense of Jesus' pre-existence. This is the crux interpretum for this element of Paul's thought, and it all rests on verse 6.

The interpretation of this poem is so contested it makes your head spin.  Over the years I have developed my favorite interpretations, but woe is me to think I have it figured out or that I could convince anyone for them to be their favorite interpretations too.

So, first, I don't like the way Ehrman breaks down the poem.  I prefer three stanzas, the first two of which are:

In the form of God existing,
     not plunder he considered equality with God,
     but he emptied himself,
Having taken the form of a servant.

In likeness of mortals having become
     and in shape having been found as a man,
     he humbled himself,
Having become obedient to the point of death...

Certainly the first stanza could be read in reference to pre-existence. That is the majority, consensus position. I remember at Durham when Bruce Longenecker told me he just didn't see any reason to deny pre-existence in it any more. By the way, I agree with Ehrman and most of the rest of current scholarship against Dunn that this is not an Adam Christology here.

But, if we are to bracket where we know the interpretation of this passage will go in history, I don't think it's nearly as clear as everyone seems to think. Again, I'm not at all saying that the predominant reading is wrong on pre-existence. I'm just doing a glasses check.

"Form of God" here contrasts with "form of a servant. It seems to be talking of a status or position Jesus has more than an ontology in the traditional sense. In fact, there is an instance of this use of the word form in Tobit 1:13. Given that divine language is sometimes royal language, it is at least possible to read the first stanza to say that, although Jesus had the status of a king, he did not exploit that status but emptied himself of it, assuming the status of a servant.

I'll see Ehrman's Vollenweider on the second line and raise him a Hoover. Call. The idea is one of taking advantage of a status one has (res retienda). As Son of God, king, Jesus had a divine status. But he did not consider this status one to be exploited. Rather, he emptied himself of it and took the form of a servant.

I won't suggest that this is the right interpretation of 2:6. Good grief, I don't know how we could know for sure what Paul exactly had in mind. I only wish to point out that a whole lot of scholarship thinks something is obvious that, if we take off the glasses of later interpretation, doesn't at all seem obvious to me. Still, I have no problem with the normal theological interpretation of this passage at least as a Christian reader-response.

A full study would of course have to engage Bauckham. Ah, the good old days...

5. So we finally arrive at John. I smile when I see Ehrman "doing therapy," as I call it. He's reliving the pain of coming out of fundamentalism and feeling stupid. He takes some pot shots. For example, he just has to make a side paragraph insinuating that John is anti-Jewish (277). He's sticking the knife in and turning it. Here, a key to understanding what John says about the Jews may be translating the word instead as "Judean" and taking it as a synecdoche for the Jerusalem leadership.

John clearly points to a conscious, pre-existent, personal Jesus. I want to reiterate something I said in my review of an earlier chapter. A Christian can believe that Jesus was the pre-existent Son of God and still conclude that it took some time for this understanding to unfold in the early church.

John does, in my opinion, have a somewhat unique flavor in the New Testament. That doesn't mean that it's Christology is incompatible with the rest of the New Testament. I do think that John is more symbolic and theological in its presentation of Jesus. The inspiration of John, for me, is a matter of its theology and what it teaches about Jesus. I would not be bothered if Ehrman is right that, in some places, John's words are "placed on Jesus' lips" (271). This may be a problem for a fundamentalist, but it shouldn't be a problem for a more mature faith.

6. As an epilogue, C. K. Barrett was a NT professor at Durham who also served as a Methodist preacher. Congregations occasionally commented on what they saw as a disconnect between his scholarly writings and his preaching. I've heard Graham Twelftree say the same. It's why he chose to study with Dunn, our common Doktorvater. Dunn is warmhearted but is a pretty straight shooter in whatever context he may be (including as a Methodist lay preacher).

For good or ill, I've always appreciated Dunn's quest for objectivity and try to model it in my own thinking. But I much more have the personality of Kingsley. Why cause people unnecessary crises on the details, especially if their ultimate conclusions are right?

Paul the Christ-Follower 1

Trying to summarize Paul under three headings: Paul the Jew, Paul the Christ-Follower, and Paul the Apostle.  This is the first of "Paul the Christ-Follower."
________
Paul the Christ-Follower
Paul speaks of a time when God was pleased "to reveal his Son in me" (Gal. 1:16).  In Acts 9 we get a fuller version of this event.  On his way to Damascus, the risen Christ appeared to Paul and changed the trajectory of his life from someone zealous for the ethnic distinctives of the Jewish Law to someone who zealously proclaimed that Christ is king.

Like many Jews of his day, Paul may have already been looking for a messiah, a king, to come eventually to rule over a renewed nation of Israel.  As a Pharisee, Paul would already have believed in a future resurrection at least for those killed because of their faithfulness to God.  But initially, the idea that Jesus might be this king did not compute for Paul.  Messiahs were not supposed to die, and the resurrection was supposed to happen all at once, not just to one individual.

Not only that, but this Jesus was not zealous for the Law the way he thought the messiah surely would be.  Jesus ate with tax collectors and sinners.  He did not seem to pay much attention to the rules about the sabbath or matters of purity.  He included people who were unclean in his fellowship.

All of that changed when Christ appeared to him, and Paul had to rethink his entire way of understanding.  Jesus was the Messiah, the "anointed one," the "Christ" in Greek.  He now confessed that "Jesus is Lord," perhaps the earliest Christian confession of faith.  To say Jesus was Lord was to say that God raised him from the dead and enthroned him as king of the universe (Ps. 110:1).  This is the heart of the gospel, the "good news," for Paul: Jesus has arrived as God's king to set up God's kingdom.  He is the one Lord who goes with the one God (1 Cor. 8:6).  He will come again to earth soon to finish what he started, to judge the earth while rescuing those who confess him as Lord.

However, Paul tells us that the focus of his preaching was the cross (e.g., 1 Cor. 1:23).  In the cross, like the believers before him, Paul saw Christ's death as a sacrifice for sins.  Through the "faith of Jesus," God showed his people his continuing faithfulness to them. But unlike most believers before him, Paul argued that this sacrifice could apply both to Jews and Gentiles.  He believed that God graciously would accept Gentiles because of Christ's death, as well as Jews.

In fact, Paul came to believe that God accepted Jews on exactly the same basis, that no amount of keeping of the Jewish Law could establish a right relationship between a Jew and God.  After all, he had been blameless at keeping the Law and still needed Christ.  God must obviously be looking for something other than Law keeping, and it turned out to be the cross of Christ.

Paul follows through with the new revelation.  The Jewish Law put the Jews under a curse.  It only showed their inability to keep it.  The death of Christ redeemed them from that curse. God in his grace had decided to reconcile the entire world to himself through Christ, apart from things like circumcision, the purity and food laws, or sabbath observance.  These are things Paul primarily had in mind when he said a person could not be made right with God or "justified" by "works of Law" (e.g., 3:28), the things that most separated Jew from Gentile.  God was both the God of the Jews and the Gentiles (Rom. 3:29).  He was the God of all who had faith in him (4:16), those who have trusted in what he has done through Christ (9:33).  All who call on the name of the Lord Jesus will be saved from God's coming judgment (10:13).

Key for Paul was that a person participate and "get inside" of Christ's death and resurrection.  We are baptized into Christ.  We are buried with him in baptism (Rom. 6:4), and we rise with him to live a new life in his resurrection (6:8; 8:11).  The life that we now live, we live "in the faithfulness of the Son of God" (Gal. 2:20, my translation).  God accomplishes this transformation through the Holy Spirit, whom God has given us as both a guarantee and down payment of our inheritance that is to come (2 Cor. 5:5).

The result is that we now live a life "according to the Spirit" rather than "according to the flesh," which is how we used to live (Gal. 5:16; Rom. 8:8), a life of love toward our neighbor.  Paul's ethic for his Gentile converts is basically the Jewish Law stripped of its ethnic particulars.  External matters like circumcision and purity rules, even sabbath observance are not part of God's expectation for Gentile believers.  However, they remain under Christ's law (e.g., 1 Cor. 9:21).  They remain, for example, under the sexual prohibition of the Jewish Scriptures, which Christians later came to call the "Old" Testament.